This book expresses the problems in Africa, to rectify the challenges that have kept Africa from success.  Understanding how to overcome the challenges, would mean Africa’s success.  The challenges come from various sources such as foreign and domestic policies, leadership, culture, and the environment.  Leadership determines much of what happens in a state, but few African leaders reciprocated the trust and honor that their people gave them. 

Many African states have been colonies, but a colonized past does not justify the African leaders corrupt behavior years after gaining independence.  Many leaders misallocated resources to benefit themselves rather than their people, even using repressive methods on their people.  Loans were made to African states, with conditions that were meant to benefit them, but had the opposite effect.  Funds from loans and donations have been taken by leaders, which deprived the funds from their intended purpose, but also forced the people to repay the debts.  More was repaid in servicing debt obtained from inappropriate loans, then the aid Africa received.  Aid has created a culture of dependence, as the people rely on obtaining more aid rather than develop their own sources of wealth. 

Africa’s success needs to be built on democratic representation, natural resource management, and a culture of peace that supports fairness, compassion, and justice.  Although mired by challenges, many people live their lives responsibility.  The people have the capacity and ability to overcome the challenges that they face.  To build the political, economic, environmental, and cultural institutions that would enable African success.  

 

Many African states used to be colonies of European power.  European powers wanted to exploit Africa’s resources, rather than develop the region.  There were African people who cooperated with the colonizers, who benefited by getting resources and positions that they would not have had otherwise.  These cooperators supported the undermining of their own people. 

There were Africans who fought in WW2, and learned the strategies of warfare.  When Europe was weakened after WW2, and the Africans came back home, they used what they learned to start liberation campaigns.  After gaining political independence, there were few African leaders who put their people first.  Often turning against the people who gave them power and privilege.  The African leaders did not even change the colonial systems of governance that exploited people and resources. 

As African states gained independence, European powers wanted to maintain a supply of resources.  Europeans used tactics to make sure that power was held with those who would politically cooperate.  Favoring cooperative African leaders economically and militarily.  Cooperative leaders were protected from coups, and their human rights violations were not questioned.  African leaders who wanted to develop Africa or remained nonaligned, were denied support. 

Africa was used as part of the Cold War between U.S. and the Soviet Union.  Using Africa against Communism and U.S. expansionism.  Divisions within Africa were fostered.  During this era, bad governance was ignored, while those who were uncooperative were removed or made irrelevant.

 

Leadership is meant to express the values of the people, and determines how a society functions.  Few African leaders have returned the trust that their people put in them.  Politicians misallocated resources to satisfy themselves or investors at their people’s expense.  Rather than investing into the productive capacity of their people.

Leaders can find them prisoners of those who helped them obtain power.  Alternatively, they might not want to leave office for fear of reciprocated persecution by a different government.  Leaders can lose a lot when relinquishing power.  Fighting dictatorship with democratic means is difficult, especially dictatorships which abused human rights. 

Colonialism no longer justifies bad governance after decades of independence.  Inexcusable for failing to protect their citizens, or respond defensively when citizens seek help.  Leadership needs to stop being corrupt and selfish.  Leadership can be demonstrated by everyone, not just those on top.  Those in a leadership position may not be true leaders. 

African states are composed of loose collection of ethnic communities, micro-nations.  Brought together by colonial power.  The number of people within the ethnic group determines political power.  African leaders claim to support the state, while identifying with micro-nation to divide people and control them.  They used their ethnicity to gain and maintain power.  Disloyalty to an ethnic group is politically dangerous, even physically dangerous.

 

The international community did provide bad trade and loan policies, but not all problems came from the international community.  The international community wanted to help Africa.  Imposing conditions that were meant to combat poverty and enable growth, but had the opposite effect.  African states were offered or urged to take on loans that were inappropriate to Africa.  Many loans were simply a front for official corruption.  Conditions included a reduction in social programs.

Loans were made to African leaders even after demonstrated corruption, and the leaders behaving irresponsibly.  A significant portion of the funds were appropriated by leaders.  Used for the leader, rather than on the people they were intended for. 

Loans were extended to support friendly leaders, and favorable business arrangements.  Access to loans was a way to control African leaders.  Making leaders who were more accountable to international donors than their own people.

As debt needed to be repaid with interest, Africa ended up replaying more money than the amount received in aid.  A vicious cycle of indebtedness, which required reduced government expenditures, increased privatization, changing or terminating social services.

These are illegitimate debts as the loans were inappropriate, and the leaders discredited.  The debt is taking resources out of Africa rather than providing for basic functions they were meant to provide.

Foreign government made trade agreements with African states, which over extracted African resources.  While industrialized states protected their markets and were unwilling to remove their protection, Africa could not protect their markets.

Africa experienced a resource curse, as they lacked the technology to use the resources and had to rely on others to exploit and share the finished products.  African government did not diversity their economies.  Africa did not develop industries to have the capacity to add value to the resources by producing finished products, or supported African entrepreneurs or markets. 

 

Funding is important, but if that was the sole problem, then problems would have been resolved.  There are problems with the aid delivered such as African government and people are not active participants in development. 

Aid can leave people dependent rather than empowered.  Dependent on getting more aid, rather than developing their own practices to produce wealth.  Aid delivers short-term benefits without long-term results.  Dependency that has led Africa into passivity, fatalism, and failure.  Africans have come to believe that they cannot act on their own behalf.  Eroding self-determinations and values of independence.  A disempowerment that puts African lives in the hands of others.

Money that comes through aid does not get used appropriately.  Party due to misunderstanding or subverting donor intentions for the money.  Party because people do not feel responsibility for the money. 

Many resolutions to problems are temporary with aid.  As the people do not take an active part in the resolutions, they do not understand the reasons for the resolutions, and therefore fall back into their prior habits.  They also do not take responsibility for the community’s continued development.

Africa has a lot of natural resources, and human resources.  The problem is channeling Africans’ capabilities into effective action for development.  Properly targeted and spent aid can develop people. 

Africa is perceived as ruled by injustice, even though many Africans live their lives responsibility.  The image of African helplessness and suffering undermines Africans.  Africa does have problems, and some governments do need to be shamed into taking actions against the problems. 

 

Africa’s resources are being over extracted, but it is also the people who use the flora and fauna inappropriately.  Misuse of land that leads to soil erosion and desertification.  Destructive land use partly comes form the lack of information due to neglected state agricultural services. 

 

This is a systematic account of the African continent.  There is limited information on specific African states.  To understand the political and economic situation of each state would require more research.

As the book’s title indicates, the book is about the challenges to Africa.  The problems that Africans have been confronting, and the problems that need to be resolved.  Decisions that are to be avoided.  There is limited information on the decisions that would be appropriate.  Limited references to quality leadership, policies, and resolutions which would provide examples of African states efforts to succeed.